Long-run Spatial and Temporal Yield Variability Analysis of Three Major Crops Affected by Fertilizer Use and Rainfall in Ethiopia over the Past 15 Years (2004/05–2018/19)

Ethiopia is one of the major producers maize and wheat only producer teff at a larger scale for grain in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Various efforts have been made by government to increase productivity over past 15 years. Here we analyze dataset with more than 1,260 yield observations from 2004/05 2018/19 three crops (teff, maize, wheat) 28 zones two cereal-growing regions country. These regions, Amhara, Oromia represent around 81% cropped area, 75% fertilizer use, 82% cereal production annually. Zonal level crop data were used spatial temporal patterns teff, wheat, yield. Zones categorized as wet dry based on annual rainfall. We dissect evolution trends time space, variation, evaluate whether growth yields has increased, decreased, or stalled recent found that continued 0.95 1.76 metric tons per hectare (mt ha -1), 1.56 2.76 mt -1, 1.72 4.0 -1 respectively, between 2018/19. There was an average 5%–8% during this time. The also show strong correlation rainfall use patterns; therefore, recommend advisory service should make conditions different locations fine-tune recommendations.